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Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain (10 March 1794 – 13 August 1865) was the youngest son of Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma. He was a brother of Ferdinand VII, as well as uncle and father-in-law of Isabella II. His education at the Spanish court was derailed by the Napoleonic intervention in Spain. The departure of the fourteen-year-old Infante to exile in May 1808 provoked a popular uprising that was violently suppressed by French troops. For the next ten years, Infante Francisco de Paula lived in exile with his parents, first in Marseille and later in Rome. Infante Francisco de Paula returned to Spain in 1818, being called by his eldest brother, King Ferdinand VII, who showered him with honors and privileges. Interested in artistic pursuits, Francisco was an amateur singer and painter. In 1819, he married his niece, Princess Luisa Carlotta of Naples and Sicily, the eldest daughter of his older sister Maria Isabella. The couple had eleven children and were very active in political affairs. Luisa Carlotta was instrumental in securing the succession for their niece, Queen Isabella II. During the regency of Isabella II, Francisco was excluded from the government by his sister-in-law, Queen Maria Christina. Siding with the liberals, Francisco de Paula and his wife became active in the opposition and were forced to move to France in 1838. They returned to Spain under the government of Maria Christina's successor as regent, General Espartero. As they also conspired against Espartero, they were sent back into exile. The proclamation of Queen Isabella II's majority allowed them to return. The Infante and his wife centered their hopes on marrying their eldest son, Infante Francisco de Asis, to Queen Isabella II. Luisa Carlotta died in 1844, but, under pressure from French diplomacy, Francisco de Asis married Queen Isabella II in October 1846. As father-in-law to his niece the Queen, Infante Francisco de Paula occupied a prominent position at court during Isabella II's reign. However, as he tried to intervene in politics, he was briefly exiled once again in 1849. In 1852, with the Queen's approval, he contracted a morganatic marriage. He died twelve years later. ==Early life== Born on 10 March 1794 at the Royal Palace of Aranjuez, Infante Francisco de Paula was the fourteenth child of King Carlos IV of Spain (1748–1819) and his wife Maria Luisa of Parma (1751–1819), a granddaughter of King Louis XV of France.〔Mateos, ''Los desconocidos infantes de España'', p. 109.〕 He received the names Francisco de Paula Antonio Maria.〔 His parents had married twenty-nine years earlier and Francisco de Paula was the couple’s last child. As the youngest in a large family, he was his mother’s favorite.〔Moral, ''El Infante don Francisco de Paula de Borbón: masonería y liberalismo a la sombra del trono'' , p. 149〕 His father, King Carlos IV, had a passion for hunting and collecting clocks, but little interest in political affairs.〔Mateos, ''Los desconocidos infantes de España'', p. 110.〕 He took a passive role in the direction of his own kingdom, leaving the government to his wife and to his prime minister, Manuel Godoy. Queen Maria Luisa thoroughly dominated the king. Lacking the political acumen necessary to hold power on her own, Maria Luisa deposited her trust and the rule of government on Godoy, whom she raised to prominence.〔 Court rumors attributed the paternity of Francisco de Paula and his sister Maria Isabel, not to the king, but to Godoy.〔 However, recent biographers and historians have found these claims to be both unproven and unlikely.〔〔Smerdou, ''Carlos IV en el exilio '', p. 259.〕 As a child, Francisco de Paula had blond hair, brown eyes and a tender expression.〔Mateos, ''Los desconocidos infantes de España'', p. 111.〕 In the spring 1800, at the age of six, he was painted with his family by Francisco Goya in the portrait ''Charles IV of Spain and His Family''.〔 Francisco de Paula's education was different from the one provided to his two eldest brothers Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias and Infante Don Carlos.〔Moral,''El Infante don Francisco de Paula de Borbón: masonería y liberalismo a la sombra del trono'' , p. 150〕 The plan of studies assigned to him was inspired by the pedagogical theories of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi.〔 Trying to implement this system of education throughout Spain, Godoy convinced the royal couple to apply it to their youngest son.〔 Although his parents intended Francisco de Paula to pursue a career in the Spanish Navy, the Infante's education was abruptly interrupted by the Napoleonic intervention in Spain.〔 With the pretext of solving the differences between Charles IV and his eldest son, Ferdinand VII, who took over the government after the Mutiny of Aranjuez, Napoleon invited father and son to a meeting in Bayonne, France, pressing them both to renounce the Spanish crown and give it to him.〔Smerdou, ''Carlos IV en el exilio '', p. 65.〕 After achieving his objective, Napoleon gave Spain to his brother Joseph Bonaparte and ordered the remaining members of the Spanish royal family out of the country.〔Smerdou, ''Carlos IV en el exilio '', p. 112.〕〔Smerdou, ''Carlos IV en el exilio '', p. 131.〕 While his parents and eldest brothers were at the conference in Bayonne with Napoleon, Francisco de Paula, then fourteen years old, was left behind at the Royal Palace of Madrid with his sister, the deposed Queen of Etruria, and her children. On 2 May 1808, at the departure of the Infante, the last remaining male member of royal family on Spanish soil, a crowd gathered in front of the Royal Palace in an attempt to prevent his removal. The appearance of Francisco de Paula, pale and overcome by emotion, touched the crowd. Poorly armed, the population confronted the French troops. The spontaneous popular uprising against the French invaders spread throughout Madrid, but the French General Murat brutally crushed the rebellion.〔Smerdou, ''Carlos IV en el exilio '', p. 256.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Infante Francisco de Paula of Spain」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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